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Afghan Student Association, 186

Afghanistan

cities bombed in retribution for 9/11, 260–261daunting problems of postBonn era, 275–278, 289dynastic empire under Ahmad Shah, 17, 31–32as family business under Mohammedzais, 63–66independence recognized by GB, world, 114–116mineral wealth, 333–336

modern borders established (1879), 67, 86modernization programs, 70, 104, 155–158as nexus for Islamism, 245

nonaligned during Cold War, 148, 162, 165, 201opposes Pakistan state over Peshawar issue, 159–161reconstruction (see Reconstruction of Afghanistan) Soviet invasion/depopulation/with-drawal, 190–200, 214, 217Taliban takes control of Mujahideen-held provinces, 235–236culture (see Culture of Afghanistan)

Afghanistan in the Course of History(Ghobar), 145Afghanistan Unveiled film, 283–284

Afghans-4-Tomorrow, 291

Afghan–Soviet War, 190–200, 203–209, 214–218, 265Af-Pak policies of Obama, 323–325, 327

Agency for International Development (AID), 149–150Ahad, Abdul, 307

Ahmad Khan. See Ahmad Shah

Ahmad Shah

as young man, early reign, 9–13

as patriarch of patriarchs, 21

sacks India, 13, 31

unites Pushtoons and ethnic groups, 14–15death of, 31–32

Ahmad Shah Baba. See Ahmad Shah

Airports, 153, 170

Akbar (son of Dost Mohammed).

See Akbar Khan, Wazir

Akbar Khan, Wazir

as young man of war, 48–51

as Dost Mohammed’s heir, 60–61, 63

leads Afghan rebellion against British, 53–55death of, 64

Al Qaeda

origins, 246

bombs embassies in Nairobi and Tanzania, 250–252Bush’s perspective, 257

considers airplanes as suicide bombs, 259trains for 9/11 attacks, 260, 267

implications of bin Laden’s death, 329–330Al-Azhar University, 122, 174

Albright, Madeleine, 256

Alcohol consumption, 40, 169, 316

Alexander the Great, 40, 98–99, 333